Risk factors for AMD: who is more likely to develop it?

06/06/2025

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic eye disease that affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for fine and detailed vision. It is one of the main causes of vision loss in people over the age of 55. Although it cannot always be prevented, identifying the risk factors for AMD is essential for early diagnosis and better outcomes.

Anyone can develop this condition, but there are certain groups that are more likely to suffer from it. Knowing who can develop AMD makes it possible to adopt healthy habits and carry out regular eye check-ups that help preserve visual health.

Risk factors for AMD

• Age: This is the main risk factor. AMD rarely appears before the age of 60, but its incidence increases with age, especially after 65.
• Genetics and family history: Having close relatives with AMD significantly increases the risk. There are genetic variants associated with a higher probability of developing the disease.
• Smoking: Tobacco multiplies the risk of macular degeneration by four. Smoking damages the blood vessels in the retina and accelerates the deterioration of the macula.
• Exposure to sunlight: Prolonged exposure to UV radiation without proper protection can contribute to macular damage.
• High blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases: Poor blood circulation can affect the blood supply to the retina and promote the appearance of AMD.
• Diet low in antioxidants: A diet lacking in vitamins C and E, zinc, lutein, and zeaxanthin can weaken the macula’s natural defense against oxidative damage.
• Obesity and sedentary lifestyle: Excess weight and lack of physical activity are linked to a higher incidence and progression of AMD.

What increases the risk of AMD in daily life?

In addition to genetic and medical factors, certain daily habits can also influence the development of this disease:

• Diets high in saturated fats.
• Excessive alcohol consumption.
• Exposure to environmental pollutants.
• Insufficient use of sunglasses with UV protection.

Adopting a healthy lifestyle, quitting smoking, and having regular eye check-ups are fundamental measures for those who belong to the groups at higher risk of AMD.

Although it is not possible to change factors such as age or genetic load, knowing what increases the risk of AMD allows for decisions that may delay its onset and reduce its impact. If you have risk factors or a family history, consult your trusted ophthalmologist for a complete evaluation.

Dr. Santiago Abengoechea, ophthalmologist at the Barraquer Ophthalmology Centre